論文題目Hashrate-Tiered Fees and PPLNS Settlement for Home-Miner Pools on a Sharded Proof-of-Work Blockchain: Design, Deployment and Simulation on SCDO

Miners who use one home graphics card or desktop CPU earn very irregular income when they mine alone: a small device can go several hours without finding a block. We present two mining pools that are running in production on the SCDO sharded proof-of-work (PoW) blockchain and that pay miners automatically on chain under Pay-Per-Last-N-Shares (PPLNS) accounting with hashrate-tiered fees of 5 %, 3 % and 1 %. The first pool serves GPU miners on SCDO Shard0, an EVM-compatible Ethash shard (chain ID 5680). The second, zpool, is a purpose-built Go pool for CPU miners on SCDO Classic Shard1, whose zpow algorithm rewards finding a large determinant of a 30 × 30 matrix derived from the block header. Because the work behind a zpow share does not grow linearly with share difficulty, zpool weights every share by its empirically measured expected number of hashes. We report production records, including 28,823 blocks found by the Shard0 pool and 587 automatic payouts, with sample transactions that anyone can check on chain. We also report a share-level Monte-Carlo simulation whose parameters come from the live pool configurations. Across 30 simulated days on each shard, every miner’s share of gross rewards stayed within 0.3 % of its share of hashrate. For the smallest simulated home miner, the coefficient of variation (CV) of hourly income fell from 1.44 when mining alone to 0.075 in the pool on Shard0, and from 0.86 to 0.098 on Classic Shard1. Hours without income fell from 61.7 % and 25.6 % to zero. Under the tier schedule, net income never decreases as hashrate rises, and splitting one miner into several addresses can never lower its fee rate. Half of the pool-fee revenue is passed on to full-node operators.

使用一張家用顯示卡或桌上型 CPU 的礦工單獨挖礦時，收入非常不穩定：小型裝置可能連續數小時都找不到區塊。本文介紹兩個在 SCDO 分片工作量證明（PoW）區塊鏈上正式運作的礦池，它們以 Pay-Per-Last-N-Shares（PPLNS）記帳，並按算力分級收取 5%、3% 與 1% 的費用，自動在鏈上向礦工付款。第一個礦池服務 SCDO Shard0（相容 EVM 的 Ethash 分片，鏈 ID 5680）上的 GPU 礦工。第二個是 zpool，一個以 Go 專門打造、服務 SCDO Classic Shard1 上 CPU 礦工的礦池；Shard1 的 zpow 演算法獎勵從區塊頭導出的 30 × 30 矩陣中找到較大的行列式。由於 zpow 份額背後的工作量不會隨份額難度線性增長，zpool 以實測的期望雜湊次數為每個份額加權。本文報告正式運作紀錄，包括 Shard0 礦池找到的 28,823 個區塊與 587 次自動支付，並附任何人都可在鏈上查核的範例交易。本文也報告一項份額層級的蒙地卡羅模擬，其參數取自線上礦池設定。在每個分片模擬 30 天的結果中，每位礦工所得總獎勵的占比與其算力占比相差均在 0.3% 以內。對於模擬中最小的家用礦工，每小時收入的變異係數（CV）在 Shard0 由單獨挖礦的 1.44 降至礦池中的 0.075，在 Classic Shard1 由 0.86 降至 0.098；無收入的小時比例則分別由 61.7% 與 25.6% 降為零。在分級費率下，淨收入不會隨算力上升而減少，且把一位礦工拆成多個地址永遠無法降低其費率。礦池費用收入的一半轉給全節點營運者。